Coping Mechanisms Used by Farmers to Encounter Psychosocial Problems: Literature Review

: Psychosocial problems in farmers are big problems that are often experienced by farmers and can have a significant impact on their overall welfare. Psychosocial problems often found in farmers are climate change, industrial restructuring, crop failure, and even family responsibilities. This study aims to analyze the description of the coping mechanisms used by farmers in dealing with psychosocial problems. The method used in this study was a literature review article from article search engines such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct which was analyzed using the PRISMA technique by including articles published in the last five years. The results of the study found that the impact of psychosocial problems experienced by farmers has stress, worry, and fear at work, which can cause burnout and even threats of suicide because of the demands of the head of the family. Therefore, an appropriate coping mechanism for solving psychosocial problems experienced by farmers is necessary. The forms of coping strategies applied are problem-focused coping strategies and emotion-focused coping strategies


INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is a form of production activity based on the growth process of plants and animals, which includes plantations, forestry, fisheries, and animal husbandry.The agricultural sector is still the mainstay of the Indonesian state to support the people's economic recovery because of the significant absorption of labor and foreign exchange generated (Kusumaningrum, 2019).Agronursing is the management of nursing care and service management that focuses on clients (individuals, families, groups, and communities) and is holistic and comprehensive in the agricultural sphere.Agronursing is very suitable for implementation in Indonesia as an agricultural country because most of the Indonesian population works in the agricultural sector (Kurniyawan et al., 2023a).Farmers are at high risk of developing high levels of mental health distress and may suffer stress (Kurniyawan et al., 2023b) Psychosocial problems are defined as changes in an individual's life, both psychological and social, that have a reciprocal influence and are considered the cause of mental disorders or health problems in reality (Muzakki et al., 2019).Psychosocial problems experienced by farmers can have a significant impact on their overall well-being.Prolonged stress can lead to declining mental health, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbances.In this issue, it is crucial to understand the coping mechanisms used by farmers in dealing with the psychosocial challenges they face (Wurarah et al., 2020).
Coping mechanisms are strategies that individuals use to manage stress sources and those problems (Wuryaningsih et al., 2019).In the farmer context, coping mechanisms can include practical strategies such as finding alternative solutions, collaborating with fellow farmers, using humor to unravel tensions, or adapting to changing situations.In addition, coping mechanisms can include social support from family or related institutions (Fitria & Riyadi, 2022).In this article, the findings analyzed will identify research deficiencies and practical implications in developing more effective intervention programs, including agronursing.

METHOD
The method used is a literature review.The literature review was chosen because it produced outcomes in the form of evidence from several studies conducted by previous researchers regarding the psychosocial problems experienced by farmers after crop failure.Search for articles using article search engines, namely PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct.Article search was carried out using the Boolean operator (AND and OR) method with the keywords harvest failure, farmers, and psychosocial problems.The articles found were then analyzed using the PRISMA technique with the inclusion of articles published in the last five years, and the articles provided full text, the languages used were English and Indonesian.

RESULT
After searching for articles using article search engines, namely PubMed and Google Scholar, 112 articles matched the keywords.Then a feasibility assessment was carried out using the PRISMA technique, and ten articles were taken for literature analysis.Ten articles were published from 2019-2023-eight in Indonesian and two in English.Three articles discuss psychosocial problems and their impact on farmers.Five articles discuss the coping strategies farmers use to reduce stress, and two articles discuss the relationship between resilience towards the level of distress of farmers.

DISCUSSION
Psychosocial problems are one of the big problems that many farmers still experience.Psychosocial is a condition that occurs in individuals that describes the relationship between a person's social condition and his emotional and mental health, which includes psychological and social aspects or vice versa (Puspita & Dian, 2019).The risk of psychosocial problems among farmers occurs a lot.It continues to increase for several reasons, such as changes in agriculture, industrial restructuring, climate change, and even family responsibilities (Putra et al., 2022).Work demands as a farmer often trigger psychosocial problems that can occur anytime and anywhere.
This statement is supported by the results of a literature review which shows that several psychosocial problems often arise in farmers, such as stress and depression (Septiani et al., 2020).Stress is a mental disorder faced by a person due to pressure from within or outside due to failure to fulfill their needs or desires (Andriyani, 2019).The results show that psychological pressure on farmers is manifested in the form of worry, anxiety, fear, and even instability at work.Work stress for a long time can also cause depression for farmers.This was also discussed by Putra et al. (2022), who stated that psychosocial problems in farmers would interfere with their work and cause burnout, so that work was not optimal.The data emphasize a significant relationship between work stress levels and psychosocial health that must be maintained.
However, these psychosocial problems can be a reason for farmers to take dangerous actions, for example, suicide.This statement is included in the research Behere et al. (2021), which explains some of the causes of suicides experienced by farmers.Some of these causes include demands as the backbone of the family, bad living habits, illness, mental health problems, economic burdens, and even debt due to crop failure, which causes farmers to go bankrupt.They carry a lot of demands and burdens, so this bad thing happens.Therefore, in the 10th article, it is explained that self-efficacy and social support are needed to overcome psychosocial problems (Saragih et al., 2020).So the surrounding environment must play a role in supporting the psychosocial health of farmers through the sympathy and support they must provide (Behere et al., 2021).This is in line with the research of Nuryanti et al. (2021) that the environment has a vital role in supporting a person's psychosocial health.
Psychological conditions have a significant relationship to the workload of farmers.This statement is contained in the 6th article, which states that the prevalence of stress in farmers is relatively high, namely 92.6% of respondents.The respondents also said that stress occurs when experiencing fatigue.Work stress for a long time can also cause anxiety for farmers.The data emphasize a significant relationship between the level of work stress and the resulting workload and vice versa; the higher the stress, the higher the fatigue (Ningrum et al., 2020).This statement also relates to the results of the 1st article, which analyzes the relationship between resilience and psychological distress for farmers (Wuryaningsih et al., 2019).These psychological problems are generally due to the burdens and risks of working farmers who depend on nature with unpredictable weather, so resilience and psychological distress have a parallel relationship.
To overcome this, an appropriate coping mechanism is needed.There are two stress-coping strategies: problem-focused and emotion-focused (Andriyani, 2019).Problem-focused coping is a cognitive strategy for reducing stressors by learning new ways or skills to change situations, circumstances, or subject matter.Aspects of this coping strategy include seeking informational support, namely solving problems by seeking information from other people such as doctors, psychologists, or teachers, then confronting coping, namely solving problems concretely, and finally, planful problem solving, namely analyzing every situation that creates a problem, and try to find solutions directly to the problems encountered.The results of the 3rd article review literature show that the farmer has used this coping strategy to solve his psychosocial problems by seeking information from an expert through extension activities in the local area (Kurniyawan et al., 2022).The results of the 5th article also show that farmers combine this strategy with emotion-focused coping (Fitria & Riyadi, 2022).
Emotion-focused coping is a stress management strategy in which individuals respond to stressful situations emotionally, especially by using defensive judgment.Related aspects include seeking social-emotional support, namely seeking emotional/social support; distancing, namely cognitive efforts to get away from problems; escape avoidance, namely imagining or avoiding unpleasant situations; self-control, namely regulating one's feelings or actions, accepting responsibility.namely accepting in carrying out the problems it faces, and positive reappraisal, namely making a positive sense of the situation in the period of personality development which is sometimes religious.The majority of the results of the literature review above show that farmers use this type of coping mechanism to overcome their problems (Fitria & Riyadi, 2022;Patuh et al., 2021;Putra et al., 2022;Wuryaningsih et al., 2019).They are trying to subside or overcome their emotions first to find a way out of the problems they face.However, this 5th article states that farmers combine the two coping strategies to get more optimal results (Fitria & Riyadi, 2022).

CONCLUSION
Psychosocial problems in farmers are proven to have a close relationship with various factors related to their workload.This can cause farmers to become stressed, depressed, and even commit suicide.Therefore, an appropriate coping mechanism is needed to solve their problems, namely problem-focused and emotion-focused coping.